Electromagnetic Wave Propulsion System

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Introduction
It is transportation that is the direct product of the social link and social relationship of the
people. Revolutionary changes have taken place in the life of the mankind since human beings
acquired the capability of walking upright as a result of evolution from the ape. Human being’s
vision was widened to enable itself to better observe the surroundings and to be watchful against
any possible crises. But due to the low productive forces and constraints on people by the
conditions of the nature in the primitive times, usually they could not but live by hunting animals
or gathering plants within a certain region to maintain the lease of life by making use of a few
elements of the nature, let alone any act of transport for the commercial intercourse among the
peasants, workers, and merchants.
Nevertheless, with the development of human society, people gradually widened their vision in
the geographic space through several forms of lateral social contact in their production activities
and injected active seeking factor into the passive man, environment relationship.
Gradually, human being mastered the use of tools and other special at his service. Among others,
the horse, an animal which changed the speed of human transportation, enabled a cart to run at
some 10km/h, thus the region scoped varied and the link between city and city became closer,
enhancing the progress of culture and civilization in various places.
The British Industrial Revolution shook the transportation modes left over in thousands of years.
The advent of automotive and train realized the revolution of power and the engine enabled
vehicles to substantially increase their speed. From then on, speed was associated with energy
and efficiency. Nowadays, a car usually runs at 80 to 100km/h. Aircraft has evolved from a very
slow, crude “thing” into a sort of popular surface transportation means, which can attain
subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds.
Speed is a target the mankind is eternally seeking.
At present, high speed aircraft is in common use in almost every part of the world. Its max speed
exceeds 560 mph (901 kph, or Mach 0.84) at an altitude of 35,000 ft (10,675 m), even countries
still closer and vigorously promoting information exchanges and talent flow.
One of the characteristics of the society created by modern science and technology is the large
volume of information and the wide high speed transmission of information. A wholly new
concept of region and speed has been formed in the minds of people and it has become a global
culture, which is more and more unchangeable.
1.
Introduction
With such an aspiration of the mankind’s for high speed transportation, Electromagnetic Wave
Propulsion technology was born at the right moment. In the labs of many countries, scientists
and engineers were striving to put the product which integrated traditional electromechanical
components with modern control technology into commercial application.
The main aim of this work is to highly encourage the harness of electromagnetic power in jet
propulsion systems as it is the safest, most speedy more than any aircraft in development, and the
most stable way of jet propulsion.
The use of hydrocarbon fuels in jet propulsion is extremely dangerous to the universe not only
to the human health and it is provable.
· It destroys the ozone layer and causes increasing global warming and poor agriculture
through its tremendous emissions of dangerous chemicals like nitrogen oxides (NOx),
carbon dioxide, water vapor, and particulates, etc into the atmosphere and also into the
space. It is also provable.
· It causes the reduction of human life span and causes continue health problems to
humans. Yes it does! eventhough it is being released in the surrounding air, biologically
and chemically it emits micro particles into the surrounding air which humans
continuously inhale and the result will be from one kind of health problem/sickness to
another.
· It also causes premature death in plants and animals which is also provable.
· Crude oil is naturally dangerous/poisonous when refined/processed into different
petroleum products and during combustion of its products and the best is to discontinue is
usage in combustion machines and source for ways to harness its power in a more secure
way i.e. if at all it must really be used.
· As long as hydrocarbon fuels are continuously used indiscriminately, I will bet you that
in generations to come (from estimations), the ozone layer will have depleted so much
that it starts fading off into the atmosphere making way for the enormous and tremendous
solar power to smite humans, plants, etc.
· The operation of hydrocarbon powered subsonic, supersonic, transonic and hypersonic
cruise vehicles has really destroyed some percentage level of protection the ozone layer
gives to earth that is why some part of the earth experience enormous heat radiation
coming from the sun more than the other.
· If the world really values agriculture, safety and good health, then they must look down
on hydrocarbon fuels and look up to electromagnetism for machine power.
· Hydrocarbon Powered Machines are normally very inefficient compared to the amount of
fuel supplied to them.
· Hydrocarbon Powered Machines also have a very high operational and maintenance cost
and will remain inefficient. They can also develop serious problems/faults at regular time
intervals.

· Hydrocarbon over readiness to combustion causes dirtiness in machines which block
some parts (especially moveable parts) in the machine and cause machine breakdown.
· The operation of hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon powered machines can induce fire in the
machine at any point in time and anything can cause the problem. Just think about the
causes of previous plane crashes, subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic plane
crashes.
Some of them are caused by lack of sufficient air for fuel to air mixture prior to
combustion.
Amongst all, electromagnetic propulsion can be proven in several ways to be the most stable,
safest, fastest and most secured means of commercial and space travel. Electromagnetism has
tremendous powers far beyond what humans can testify or give account of it. For example,
everyday new and somewhat mysterious things/behaviors are being discovered from
electromagnetism. Electromagnetism has power to propel, control and power to do much more.
The problems arising as a result of indiscriminate and continuous usage of hydrocarbon fuels
cannot be overemphasized as its harmful nature is very clear.

Performance
This aircraft performs well at subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic speeds. As stated
earlier, it will have maximum operating speed of 9 × 1016 meters per second, i.e. twice the
normal speed of light.

Takeoff and Landing

Take-Off
The electromagnetic forces arising from attraction and repulsion of the electromagnets at the
guideway walls pull/push the aircraft forwards at a very high speed and at that juncture, it takes
off. And then, the pilot can now vary the speed rate into the speed of light, twice the speed of
light, supersonic, transonic, and subsonic.
Landing
To stabilize the aircraft on the guideway, just as stated earlier the coils within the guideway walls
create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the plane along the guideway but
this time, very slowly. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guideway walls is no
longer constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This sudden halt to
change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the plane not to pull the vehicle forward,
while the magnetic field behind the train adds no more forward thrust and the plane is stopped
instantly.

Design Concepts

Below are the design concepts for a viable and operational efficient electromagnetic wave
propulsion aircraft.

Propulsion Efficiency

Electromagnetism/Electromagnetic Waves propulsion system

This is a very simple completely electromagnetic wave jet propulsion system.
This project work describes a method of converting electromagnetic oscillations/pulses into a
propulsive force that potentially generates a large propulsive thrust which achieve speeds twice
the speed of light.
Basically, what pushes this aircraft forward are the electromagnetic waves produced as a result
of the disturbance caused by the tremendous oscillation/vibration of the supercooled,
superconducting electromagnetic pistons.(i.e. the electromagnetic waves that propels the aircraft
forward, have as their source a vibration, which is the oscillation/vibration of the supercooled,
superconducting electromagnetic pistons).
When cooled to extremely low temperatures, electromagnets demonstrate an unusual behavior:
For the first few nanoseconds after electricity is applied to them, they vibrate.
In this case, two super-cooled, superconducting, solenoid-style electromagnetic pistons vibrating
more than 400,000 times per second creates a very high rapid pulse which makes
oscillatory/vibratory motion.
The operation of this propulsion system is basically the action of two oscillating/vibrating
solenoid-style electromagnetic pistons (perpendicular to each other) exerting a very powerful
oscillatory/vibratory force on each other via a rotating transmitting rod.

The Heart of the System

The heart of the system comprises of the following:
1) Power Source is gotten from the power of Carbon-dioxide ground-based laser, received
and focused on a Solar Panel, through the use of parabolic mirrors.
2) Two Solid-state switches that mediate the electricity being sent from the power supply to
each of the electromagnet.
3) Two Permanent magnets that causes an asymmetry in the magnetic field.
4) Two Super-cooled, superconducting Solenoid-style Electromagnetic Pistons,
perpendicular to each other (The Top and Bottom Pistons).
i. The Top Piston The top piston is made up of supercooled, superconducting
magnetic Primary and Secondary coils wound around a metal cylinder.
While the two wire ends of the primary coil receives power from the power
source, that of a
secondary coil transmit part of its power (gotten from electromagnetic
induction) to the electromagnetic spring.
ii. The Bottom Piston The bottom piston is basically a superconducting
magnetic wire wrapped around a metal cylinder.
5) Jump rods: rod that jumps alongside with the electromagnetic spring each time the
spring is being compressed and released. It also connects the transmitting rod and the
piston with the aid of the wrist pin.
6) Electromagnetic Spring: a resilient supercooled, superconducting metal coil that will
oscillate/vibrate when electricity is applied to it and also will store energy when
compressed and release energy when returning to its original shape.
7) A Transmitting rod that connects the two pistons together perpendicularly.
8) Electric Motor that turns the transmitting rod inorder to aid the system move in one
direction of motion (i.e. upwards)
9) A Magnet that repels the bottom piston on vibrating down, which also aids the system
achieve one direction motion.
10) Rheostat: a resistor regulating the speed of the top piston which is designed to allow
variation in resistance without breaking the electrical circuit of the top piston.
11) Maglev Cylinder: which is an extra superconducting superconductor where the
perpendicular electromagnetic pistons levitate independently in an empty space.

Typical Phinnekse Operation:
This design works on the principle that a magnet exerts a force on a current-carrying wire which
is the super-cooled, solenoid-style electromagnet. This super-cooled, solenoid-style
electromagnet is basically a superconducting magnetic wire wrapped around a metal cylinder
(The Piston). The wire used for this propulsion system is a niobium-tin alloy. This
electromagnet is then super-cooled with liquid helium to 4 degrees Kelvin (-452.47 F / -269.15 C).

Power Supply
The power source of this propulsion system is from a 10 kW pulsed Carbon-dioxide laser beam
received and focused on a solar panel with parabolic mirrors deployed. The 10-kilowatt laser
will pulse very rapidly at a rate more than 400,000 times per second and that is how it will
supply power to the electromagnetic pistons, turning them on and off more than 400,000 times per second.

Thrust Generation
In this machine, thrust is produced (by oscillating/vibrating masses, solenoids on jump rods) in
six ways namely:-
· Oscillatory/Vibratory Thrust
· Centrifugal Thrust
· Momentum Thrust
· Impulse Thrust
· Mechanical Energy Thrust and
· Magnetic Levitation
You will notice the participation/operation of each of these above mentioned thrust as you read on. In one way or the other, this propulsion system generally produces Impulse thrust while still acting to produce each of the above mentioned thrust simultaneously during operation.

Oscillatory/Vibratory Thrust
When this electrical power is being supplied to these supercooled, superconducting
electromagnets (i.e. The Top and Bottom Pistons), they vibrate in the first few nanoseconds
creating oscillatory/vibratory motion.
The electromagnets (The Top and Bottom Pistons) vibrate due to an asymmetry caused in the
magnetic field by the magnet exerting a force on them and the non-steady electricity supplied to
them. The magnet that is exerting a force on these electromagnets (The Top and Bottom
Pistons) is a permanent magnet that is being introduced/mounted directly in line with the
electromagnets (The Top and Bottom Pistons).
When the non-steady electricity flows through the electromagnets (The Top and Bottom
Pistons), they oscillate/vibrate and also they experience a force due to the magnetic field of the magnet. As the current alternates at the frequency of the non-steady electricity, the
electromagnets (The Top and Bottom Pistons) move up and down (oscillate/vibrate) at the same frequency.

Momentum Thrust
After the force of oscillation/vibration has pushed the Top piston down, although the Top
piston will still move back up to the top through its oscillation/vibration, the momentum of the Bottom piston which is also oscillating/vibrating helps to move the Top piston back up the top faster at a very high speed because it is also oscillating/vibrating just like the Top piston. Since the Bottom piston is also oscillating/vibrating just like the Top piston, which means it will still move down just like the Top piston did but on getting down, a repulsive magnet underneath it repels it so that it only moves in one direction thereby making the motion of the whole system directed in one direction (i.e. upwards direction) and one cycle repeats.

Mechanical Energy Thrust or Mechanical Thrust
The jump rods are one of the many devices that help in lifting the Top piston back up to the top
faster and speedy inorder to maintain one direction motion in the system. It jumps alongside with the electromagnetic spring each time the spring is being compressed and released. It also connects the transmitting rod and the pistons with the aid of the wrist pin.
The Electromagnetic Spring is a resilient supercooled, superconducting metal coil that will
oscillate/vibrate when electricity is applied to it and also will store energy when compressed and release energy when returning to its original shape. The electromagnetic spring in conjunction with the jump rods are one of the many devices that helps maintain one direction motion in the system. After electricity is applied to the electromagnetic spring, they oscillate/vibrate alongside with the electromagnetic pistons exerting a force on the jump rods and so the jump rods also oscillate/vibrate alongside with the electromagnetic spring. The spring exerts a special force on the Top piston that acts in the direction of returning the Top piston to the equilibrium position:
hence it is called a “restoring force”. The magnitude of the restoring force F is found to be
directly proportional to the displacement x the spring has been stretched or compressed from the equilibrium position. When the Bottom piston moves inwards to move the Top piston back up the top, it compresses the electromagnetic spring and now the spring exerts much more force on the jump rods at extremity and now, the jump rods can no longer withstand the force other than to jump up alongside with the electromagnetic spring when the spring is released. The jumping of the Jump rod and the electromagnetic spring releases tremendous energy (i.e. when returning to its original shape) that greatly helps lift/raise the Top piston back up the top (restoring force) while still
acting to enforce and maintain the vibratory/oscillatory motion of the system in one direction.
To stretch or compress the electromagnetic spring, work has to be done. Hence potential energy
is stored in the stretched or compressed electromagnetic spring. The elastic potential energy is
given by
PE = ½ k x2.
Thus, since the total mechanical energy E of the Top piston-spring system is the sum of the
kinetic and potential energies, we have
E = ½ mv2 + ½ k x2
Where v is the velocity of the mass m (The Top piston) when it is a distance x from the
equilibrium position. As long as there is no friction, the total mechanical energy E remains
constant. As the mass (The Top piston) oscillates back and forth, the energy continuously
changes from potential energy to kinetic energy and back again.

Centrifugal Thrust

The Transmitting rod connects the two pistons together perpendicularly and it is being rotated at
a very high speed in one direction (in the direction of motion of the bottom piston on moving up
to move the top piston back up the top) by an electric motor which makes about 10000 rpm. So
it works together with an electric motor also to aid in the creation of oscillatory/vibratory
movement of the system in one direction of motion as it rotates only in one direction of motion.
The Rheostat regulates the high speed extreme forward motion of the Top Piston through a
resistor designed to allow variation in resistance without breaking the electrical circuit of the
Top Piston. The
operation of the rheostat here is similar to a Variable Cycle Engine System (VCE) but never
equal because the rheostat here is much more accurate and can vary the speed at any level or rate
the pilot so desires inorder to produce peak performance.

Magnetic Levitation

Electromagnetic levitation: controllable electromagnetic field is generated by exciting the onboard
levitation magnets. The on-board levitation magnets float above a high temperature
superconductor. The power is from a focused laser beam, which keeps the superconductor in a
zero-resistance state. As the magnets are lowered toward the superconductor, it induces an
electric current, which creates an opposing magnetic field in accordance with Ampere’s law.
Because the superconductor has no electrical resistance, this induced current continues to flow,
keeping the magnet suspended indefinitely.
High-speed maglev system for aircraft take-off and landing consists of four major components,
i.e. guideway, vehicle, power supply and operation control system.
Magnetic Levitation occurs at two places in this aircraft namely:
· The Guideway and
· The Maglev Cylinder

Guideway: the guideway which serves the same purpose of a normal runway is where the
aircraft take-off and lands at high speed frictionless and achieve speed of light. It guides the
direction of the aircraft’s movement and bears the load of the aircraft and transmits it to the sub
grade. The superstructure of the guideway comprises precisely welded steel or reinforced
concrete guideway beams for connecting long stators and substructure constituted by the
reinforced concrete piers and foundations. The aircraft is the most important part of the high
speed maglev system during take-off and landing, comprising
levitation chassis and the magnets mounted on the chassis, secondary suspension system and
vehicle section. Besides it includes such electrical appliances as on-board batteries, emergency
braking system, and levitation control system.

The Maglev Cylinder

Finally, the propulsion system of this aircraft is housed in an electromagnetic device called the
maglev cylinder. In this cylinder, the whole propulsion system is levitated so that it floats
independently on the air/empty space inside the cylinder.
Once the electromagnetic pistons are levitated, power is supplied to the coils within the
cylindrical walls of the maglev cylinder to create a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and
push the electromagnetic pistons along the empty space in one direction of motion. The electric
current supplied to the coils in the maglev cylindrical walls is constantly alternating to change
the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of
the electromagnetic Top piston to pull the whole propulsion system forward, while the magnetic
field behind the electromagnetic bottom piston adds more forward thrust, thus maintaining one
direction motion in the whole propulsion system at large.

Airframe Aerodynamic Efficiency
The Deltase wing
The Deltas wing (Delta-Slat-Electromagnetic) is a Swept-back delta wing with a special kind of
slat integration (called the “Wave Slat”) protruding from the leading-edge of the delta wing
stopping at the point after the nose of the aircraft (i.e. around the cockpit area). This slat is
integrated alongside with the flaperon into the delta wing. The wave-slat integration on the delta
wing forms an adjacent angle (50 degrees with the fuselage). Thus:

􀀀xOy and 􀀀yOz share the ray [Oy], which forms one side of each of them and lies between the
other two sides (or rays).
Swept-back delta wing
Wave Slat
If 􀀀xOy and 􀀀yOz are adjacent, then: 􀀀xOy + 􀀀yOz = 􀀀xOz.
􀀀xOy + 􀀀yOz = 􀀀xOz = 35° + 15° = 50°.

The "slender deltas" wing on Phinneks has the appearance of total simplicity.Phinneks uses a
special wing design coupled with strong electromagnetic waves to achieve very high lift, and
high strength. A thick slat (called the Wave Slat) protrusion from the leading-edge of the thin
swept-back delta wing to the point after the nose of the aircraft (i.e. around the cockpit area), and
trailing edge ‘junker’ type flaperons (integrated into the deltas wing) achieves a higher-cruise
wing lift, while maintaining a short wing-span – for maximum strength and ground
maneuverability. However, by combining the use of trailing-edge flaps with leading-edge slats
and electromagnetic waves, the wing's lift coefficient can be effectively doubled if used on the
full span of the wing.
It is the intricacies of this electromagnetic design that allows Phinnekse magwave to generate
sufficient lift at low speeds by increasing the angle of attack of the wing, but also to perform
very efficiently at high speeds as it generates least or no drag.

The Wave Slat
What is it and How Does it Work?

The wave-slat is a variable slat which is tilted upwards to a high angle of attack. It performs
three important functions with its main function being to deflect down, and direct/channel the
shockwaves that pile up around the front of the aircraft to the Delta wings with electromagnetism
and deploy them to create lift.
The wave slats allow the aircraft to fly at a high angle of attack (lower speed) by accelerating
the air between the slat and the delta wing (venturi effect) and by deflecting down the shock
waves that build up around the front of the aircraft as the drill nose system drills and move past
the shock wave cone. The full-length flaperons act as both full-span ailerons and full-span flaps.
The flaperons have their own airfoil, and are hung below the wing trailing edge to supply them
with fresh undisturbed air for maximum control effectiveness even at low speeds
This wing design of Phinnekse is called the Deltase-wing design and does the following:
· Extremely reduces drag by being thin, swept back (50 degrees with the fuselage) and the
action of the electromagnetic Wave slats.
· Provides sufficient lift for takeoff and landing at subsonic speeds
· Provides stability in flight also with electromagnetic effects so that no horizontal stabilizers
are needed on the tail
· Deflects and utilizes shock waves for lift, also through electromagnetic force

The Taper Fuselage

The Taper or the Focal Fuselage is a kind of fuselage that gradually becomes narrower from one
point (at the rear) to one end (at the nose) with all its focus channeled to the front of the aircraft.
The fuselage (body) of the Phinneks is exactly 10 ft (3.048 m) wide (around the rear) and then
tapers gradually (according to the number line series) to the nose (with extreme focus). It tapers
unnoticeably from 10 ft (around the rear) to 0 ft (at the nose) i.e. in a gradual descending order.
The length of the Phinneks is about 203.412 ft (62 m), to compensate for the taper design
technique. The long, narrower shape of the Phinneks reduces the drag on the plane as it moves
through the air.

The Drill Nose System

Phinnekse needs to be streamlined for supersonic flight, with a very long pointed drill built into
the nose, which rotates at a very high speed (10,000 rpm) and drills and disperse the shock waves that build up during supersonic flight inorder to penetrate the air much more easily and faster and
to reduce drag and generally, improve aerodynamic efficency. The nose can be tilted down upon
takeoff and landing (13 degrees) so that the pilots can see the guideway.

Lightweight, Durable Airframes and Engines for
Supersonic Cruise Temperatures

Since the whole aircraft, everything about its existence and its entire operation at large will rely
strictly and completely on electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves, the airframe and
propulsion system components will be very much lightweight while retaining appropriate
durability and damage tolerance because most of the materials that will be used in the aircraft
construction will be only ferromagnetic materials/metals or magnetic materials/metals.
The advanced airframe materials that will be incorporated into innovative, light, adaptive
structural design will be mostly ferromagnetic elements whose atoms tend to donate much of
their electrons readily during chemical reactions. In other words, they are very good reducing
agents.
Because the propulsion system of this aircraft will be based strictly on electromagnetism, there is
no need anymore to source for Innovative and advanced cooling approaches in addition to
improved materials and coatings to ensure the life and durability of the hot section components
of the engine, as the new propulsion system does not produce any hot section except
electromagnetic wave impulses that propel the aircraft forward and eddy currents that will build
up during the propulsion system operation. But these eddy currents are dissipated into the
environment through heat sinks.
The ferromagnetic elements that will be used will be very much durable.
The propulsion system has least weight and so once again there is no need to source for weight
reduction techniques for engine case and duct components. Because of the complete
electromagnetic operation of this propulsion system, it produces relatively no noise eventhough
the propulsion system oscillates/vibrate at a very tremendous speed with no frictional force.

Airport Noise Reduction

Because of the electromagnetic operation of Phinnekse aircraft, its propulsion system will
produce no noise eventhough it oscillates/vibrates tremendously.
The completely electromagnetic operation of this propulsion system and the magnetic levitation
of the inline perpendicular electromagnetic pistons floating independently in an empty space
above a super conductor completely eliminates any least possible noise that the whole propulsion
system might generate during takeoff, flight and landing, thus the perpendicular electromagnets
oscillates/vibrates along an empty space in the maglev cylinder without friction or opposition.
So this electromagnetic design will ensures and enforce a completely noiseless aircraft with
performance at extreme peak levels.

Sonic Boom Modeling

Phinnekse aircraft will experience least or no sonic boom as three solid and long-lasting
advanced approaches/solutions have been incorporated in the design. This approach/solution will
deploy all the shockwaves that pile up in front or around the aircraft during flight to create
sufficient lift for the aircraft.
These powerful approaches/solutions are:
1. The Drill Nose System
2. The Wave Slat and the
3. Hypersonic Speed that will be attained by the aircraft.

The Drill Nose System

In this system, a very long pointed drill built into the nose, which rotates at a very high speed
(10,000 rpm) by the action of electromagnetism drills and disperse the shock waves that build up
during supersonic flight inorder to penetrate the air much more easily and faster and to reduce
drag and generally, improve aerodynamic efficiency. The nose can be tilted down upon takeoff
and landing (13 degrees) so that the pilots can see the guideway.

The Wave Slat

The wave slat and its high angle of attack performs three important functions with its main
function being to deflect down and direct the shockwaves that pile up around the front of the
aircraft to the Delta wings with electromagnetism and use it to create additional lift for the
aircraft as the drill nose system drills and move past the shock wave cone.

With this design, instead of the shockwaves piling up in front and around the aircraft to cause
sonic boom, it is being deployed and used for useful work of creating additional lift for the
aircraft and least or no sonic boom is created. Besides, the shockwave is one of the many
electromagnetic waves described earlier that propel the aircraft forward at a very high speed
twice the speed of light.

The Aircraft’s Hypersonic Speeds

When an aircraft approaches the speed of sound, it encounters a barrier of sound waves in front
of it. Inorder to exceed the speed of sound, extra thrust is needed to pass through this “sound
barrier”. This is called “breaking the sound barrier”. Once a supersonic speed is attained, this
barrier no longer impedes the motion. Then at this juncture, the very sharp pointed high speed
drilling machine built into the nose of the aircraft drills/puncture the shock waves with all
reasonable force at its disposal. It is sometimes erroneously thought that a sonic boom is
produced only at the moment an aircraft is breaking through the sound barrier. Actually, a shock
wave follows the aircraft at all times it is travelling at supersonic speeds. A series of observers on
the ground will each hear a loud “boom” as the shock wave passes. The shock wave consists of a
cone whose apex is at the aircraft. The angle of this cone, θ, is given by
Sin θ = snd / obj,
Where obj is the velocity of the object (the aircraft) and snd is the velocity of sound in the
medium.

High-Altitude Emissions Research

Because the propulsion system and the entire operation of this aircraft will be strictly on the
product of electromagnetism and electromagnetic waves, it is absolutely impossicant for it to
produce or emit such things as: aircraft emissions, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide, water
vapor, and particulates or any other dangerous emissions or substances that is detrimental to the
ozone layer as this aircraft will fly past the stratosphere on increased speed.
In other words, the operation of this aircraft will never emit anything that will cause ozone layer
destruction and possibly influence other factors affecting the global climate.

Entry, Descent, and Landing Challenges: Supersonic
Entry Deceleration

With the aid of a special kind of rheostat, this aircraft can be decelerated and accelerated at any
speed level/rate so desired by the pilot whether in commercial flight or planetary entry. This
specialized kind of rheostat permits the safe entry and landing of substantially larger craft on
Mars than those flown previously, with potential applications for human-scale missions as well
as those of robotic spacecraft to other planets or on sample-return missions back to Earth.

Cost

As this aircraft had never been built before, if the cost is estimated, it might not be that accurate.
So the cost is being intentionally left for now until when it its viability has been proved
practically. But always remember that the cost of production, cost price, operation and
maintenance cost will be much lesser than that of the current maglev train.

Conclusion

So many countries in the world have been involved in the research of the way they can harness
the power of electromagnetism for propulsion, but only through this concept stated here a real
viable electromagnetic propulsion operation travelling twice the speed of light is clearly stated
and if attempts are being made to build it,it will successfully be built. The success again proves
that the electromagnetic propulsion technology is safe, economic and advanced .Surely the
economic benefit and political effect brought cannot be overestimated.
During the oscillatory/vibratory motion of the electromagnets, they emit tremendous
electromagnetic wave that propel the aircraft forward at a very great speed twice the speed of
light. There is no more need to source for approaches that will solve problems associated with
Supersonic Cruise Temperatures as the design of Phinnekse aircraft have provided long lasting
solutions to most problems ever challenging the flight of Supersonic and Hypersonic cruise
vehicles, since Phinnekse itself is travelling at hypersonic speeds twice the speed of light.
As regards to sonic booms, With this above design, least or no sonic boom is produced during
supersonic and hypersonic flight.
The only emission from this aircraft is the electromagnetic waves that in conjunction with shock
waves propel the aircraft forward at a very high speed.